I-´o-i-§Ä ( hnip² KÀhm-kokv & hnip² t{]m¯m-ko-kv )

aq¶mw \qäm-­nsâ a²y-L«- ¯ - n Cä-en-bnse anem³ ]«-W-¯n P\n¨ Cc-«k - -tlm-Z-c³am-cm-Wp KÀhm-kokpw t{]m¯m-kokpw. Ipeo-\cpw amXr-Im-tbm-Kycpw [oc-a-Xn-Ifp-am-bn-cp¶p Ch-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä. ]nXmhv hnip² hnämenkv dmsh¶m ]«-W¯ - n h¨pw amXmhv hnip² htecnbm anem³ ]«- W - ¯ n h¨pw tbip- h n- e pÅ hnizm- k ¯n- \ mbn cà- k m- £ n- I - f m- b n.

amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä ac-W-a-S-ª-t¸mÄ Ah-cpsS PohnX amXrI ]n´p-S-cp-hm³ Xocp-am-\n¨ Cu Cc« ktlm-Z-c³amÀ hoSpw aäv BkvXn-I-fp-saÃmw hnäp Zcn-{ZÀ¡p Zm\w sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw ]¯p hÀj-t¯mfw sNdnsbmcp ho«n P][ym- \ - § - f n apgp- I n Pohn¨p. amÀkn- t bm- Wn- Ì p- I Ä¡v (]-g-b-\n-baw AwKo-I-cn-¡m¯ Úm\-hm-Zn-IÄ) FXn-cmbn bp²w sN¿p-hm³ tdma³ KhÀWÀ anem-\n-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-bn. XZ-h-k-c-¯n sNdnb IpSn-en Xma-kn-¡p¶ “Cc-«k - -tlmZ-c ³amÀ {Inkv X ym-\n-I -f mWv ”F¶p ap{Z-I p-¯ -s ¸«v Sn KhÀW-dpsS ap¼n lmP-cm-¡-s¸-«p. {InkvXp aXw Dt]£n¨v tdma³ ssZh-§Ä¡p [q]w kaÀ¸n-¡p-hm\pw _enbÀ¸n-¡p-h m\pw {InkvX p- a -X -h n-t cm-[ n-b m-b - K-h ÀWÀ Chtcm-Sm- h - i y- s ¸- « p. hnk- ½ Xw ImWn- ¨ - X n- \ m ChÀ acW-in-£bv¡p hn[n-¡-s¸-«p. KÀhm-kokv Nm«-hm-d-Sn-tbäpw t{]m¯m-kokv Kf-tÑZw sN¿-s¸«pw cà-km-£n-I-fm-bn. aX]o-U\w Agn-¨p-hn« tUkn-bq-kn-tâtbm (249þ251) AsÃ-¦n hte-cn-b-t âtbm (253þ260) Ime-¯ m-bn-c n¡pw Ch-c psS 7 acWw/cà-km-£nXzw : hyà-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ e`y-aÃ.

anem³ sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp¶ hnip² At{¼mkv (340þ397) Xsâ `{Zm- k \ ssZhm- e - b - ¯ nsâ ]Wn- I Ä \S- ¯ ns¡m­ncnbvt¡, ssZhm-eb IqZm-im-IÀ½-§-tfm-S-\p-_Ôn¨p hnip-²-cpsS Xncp-tÈ-jn¸ At\z-jn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡pI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. “I´o-i-§-fpsS” `uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-§Ä InS¡p¶ Øew “ZÀi-\-¯n ” ssZhw sa{Xm\p shfn-s¸-Sp¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯p. XpSÀ¶p F.-Un. 386-þPq¬ Ggmw XobXn t]mÀ¯m shÀ¨-eo\m F¶ knan-t¯cn `mK¯p `qJ-\\w \S-¯n. Bg-¯n Ipgn-¨p-sN-¶t- ¸mÄ c­p bphm-¡³am-cpsS ico-c-§Ä inc-kp-thÀs]« \ne-bn cà-I-W-§-tfmSpw `uXnI ico-c-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-b-¯-¡-hn[w AS-bm-f-§-tfmSp IqSnbpw ImW-s¸-Sp-I-bp-­m-bn. Pq¬ 18þmw XobXn sshIpt¶cw Cu Xncp-tÈ-jn-¸p-IÄ ASp-¯p-­m-bn-cp¶ ^uÌm _kn-en-¡m-bn {]Xn-jvTn¨v \nim-{]mÀ°\ \S-¯p-Ib - p-­mbn. ]ntäZnhkw Pq¬ 19þmw XobXn shÅn-bmgvN hfsc BtLm-j-ambn hen-sbmcp P\m-h -en-bpsS AI-¼ -Sn-tbmsS C¶p hnip² At{¼m-k n-t âXv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ _kn-en¡m-bnte¡p amä-s¸-«p. ]pXnb _kn-en-¡m-bpsS Aįmc-bpsS ASn-`mKw hnip² At{¼mkp sa{Xm³ Xsâ Xs¶ ihkwkv¡m-c-¯n-\mbn ap³Iq«n \nÝ- b n- ¨ n- c p¶XmWv . AXnsâ he- Xp-h - i¯v (P-\m-` n-ap- J-a mbn \nev ¡p-t ¼mÄ) KÀÆm-ko-kn-tâbpw t{]m¯m-ko-kn-tâbpw ]qPym-hi - n-jvS§ - Ä kmtLmjw {]Xn-jvTn-¡s - ¸-«p. Xma-kn-bmsX ]pXnb ssZhme-b¯ - nsâ IqZm-im-IÀ½w \S-¡p-Ib - p-­m-bn. F. Un. 397þ Znhw-K-X-\mb hnip² At{¼m-knsâ arX-tZlw Aįmc-bpsS CS-Xp-h-i-¯mWv kwkv¡-cn-¡-s¸«Xv.

PoÀ®m-h-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp¶ \memw \qäm-­nte _knen¡ ]pXp-¡n-¸-Wn-bp-¶-Xn\v F.-Un. 835þ BÀ¨p-_n-j¸v G©Â s_Àt¯m c­m-a³ ap³ssI-sb-Sp-¯p. XZ-h-k-c¯n Cu aq¶p hnip-²-cp-tSbpw arX-tZ-l§ - Ä Hcp-an¨v Hcp 8 kv^Sn-I-t]-S-I-¯n AS¡w sNbvXv, BZyw D­m-bn-cp¶ c­p Ipgn-I-fp-tSbpw apI-fn ]gb Ipgn-am-S-§Ä ImW-¯¡-hn[w hne-§s\ Øm]n-¨p.

Iem-_ym-\m-¡m-c³ BÀ¨p-_n-j¸v eqbnPn \km-dnbpsS Ime¯v ap³]-dª t- ]-SIw kq£va] - c - n-tim-[\ - b - v¡mbn Xpd-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. AXn³{]-Imcw t]S-I-¯n kq£n-¨ncp¶ AØn-Iq-S-§Ä ]pcp-j³am-cp-tS-Xm-sW¶pw Ah-cpsS Dbcw (\o-fw) 163 cm (hn-ip² At{¼m-kv)180 cm (hn-ip² KÀhmko-kv) 181 cm (hn-ip² t{]m¯m-ko-kv) BsW¶pw Ønco-I- cn-¡s - ¸-«p. XpSÀ¶v, 1874 sabv 14 þmw XobXn t]SIw ap{Zh¨p ]p\x-{]-XnjvT \S-¯n.

F.-Un. 386 Pq¬ 19þmw Xob-Xn-bm-WtÃm I´o-i-§fpsS arX-tZ-l§ - Ä At{¼m-kn-b³ ssZhm-eb - ¯ - n {]XnjvTn-¨X - .v ]mÝm-Xy-\m-Sp-If - n \nÀ®m-bI - a- mb B²ym-ßnI \thm-°m-\¯ - n\pw apt¶-ä¯ - n\pw Cu kw`hw Imc-Wa - mbn. Cä-en-bnte dmth-¶m, t{_jzm, tdmam XpS-§nb ]«-W§-fn Cu hnip-²À¡p {]tXyIw hW¡w e`n-¨p. tdman C¶-skâ v H¶m-a³ amÀ¸m-¸m-bpsS `c-WI - m-e¯v (402- þ 417) shÌo\m {]`zn Ch-cpsS t]cn Hcp ]Ån ]Wn-bn-¨p. Via-Nazionale bn C¶p ImWp¶ hnip² hnäm-se-bpsS ]Ån Bbn-cp¶p AXv. {^m³kn Vienne epw Rouen epw kvs]bn-\n Carmona bnepw B{^n-¡b - n ImÀt¯Pnepw Cu hnip-²À {]tXyI hW-¡¯ - n\p ]m{Xo-`q-Xc - mbn (Bibliotheca Sanctorum Vol. VI Rome 1965).

DZbwt]cqÀ kq\-l-tZm-kn\p (1599) tij-amWp tIc-f-¯n hnip² KÀhm-kokpw hnip² t{]m¯mkokpw Adn-b-s¸«p XpS-§n-b-Xv. DZbwt]-cqÀ (A.D. 510) tImX-\-ÃqÀ (A.D. 826), AI-¸-d¼v (A.D. 1541) F¶nhn-S§fnte ]Ån-IÄ Ch-cpsS \ma-¯n-em-Wv.

anem³ AXn-cq-]X hnIm-cn-P-\-dm-fnsâ B[n-Im-cnI tcJ-tbm-Sp-IqSn I´o-i§ - f - psS Xncp-tÈ-jn¸v tImX-\à - qÀ ]Ån¡v e`n-¨n-«p-­v. 1997 sk]väw-_À A©mw XobXn A`n-hµy tPmk^v ]Ån-¡m-]-d-¼n ]nXmhv Cu XncptÈ-jn¸v ]c-ky-hW - ¡ - ¯ - n-\mbn Cu ]Ån-bn {]Xn-jvTn¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. Ct¸mÄ CXp ]pXnb A\-Ivkn `{Zambn kq£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Pq¬ 19þmw Xo-bX - n-bmWp It¯m-en¡m k` hnip² KÀhm-ko-kn-tâbpw hnip² t{]m¯m-ko-kn-tâbpw Xncp\mÄ sIm­m-Sp-¶X - v. kmÀh-{XnI k`tbmsSm¯p tImX\-ÃqÀ ]Ån-bnepw At¶ Znhkw Cu “Cc« hnip-²cpsS””Xncp\mÄ BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p.